How does “outside money” influence who is elected to local school boards? Two Michigan State University faculty are co-authors on a new book exploring this question.
The authors found that, though literature on school boards has been sparse since the 1970s, funding is on the rise from wealthy donors with no personal or geographic attachment to the local schools.
“School board elections were something few researchers were really interested in,” said Associate Professor Rebecca Jacobsen. She collaborated with Jeffrey Henig of Teachers College (Columbia University) and MSU Associate Professor Sarah Reckhow on “Outside Money in School Board Elections: The Nationalization of Education Politics,” published in March by Harvard Education Press.
“Most people don’t even know who is on their local school board or city council,” Jacobsen continued. “And yet, we saw a lot of money pouring into school board elections. If the common thought is ‘no one pays attention’ or ‘these are low-budget affairs,’ then why all of a sudden are these big donorsâpeople who are typically focused on national topicsânow engaging in local school board elections?”
The reason is complex, the authors explain.
Looking at New Orleans, Los Angeles, Denver, Indianapolis and Bridgeport, Conn., the authors explored funding for school board elections from 2008-09 through 2013-14, including more than 18,000 contributions. They found that while education reform, at least in recent years, has trended toward a national focus, people were realizing that local-level decision-making and engagement was important.
And this new engagement came from some big names, including a surprising pattern of individualsâlike Reed Hastings, the co-founder and CEO of Netflix, and Michael Bloomberg, former New York City mayorâwho gave at least $1,000 to elections across the country, often in more than one place in more than one year.
“We are trying to understand why a donor living in Atherton, Calif. would give to school board candidates thousands of miles awayâin places like New Orleans and Indianapolis,” said Reckhow, a faculty member in political science. She helped analyze donor data, including the background of donors and relationships of the donors using social network analysis. “We found that these donors are not simply isolated individuals with an unusual interest in school board electionsâthese are highly active campaign contributors who also gave large sums to out-of-state congressional elections, and may have shared ties to education-related organizations.”
Jacobsen explored the consequences of contributions big and small, including how or if it changed who ran and what issues were talked about during campaigns. By talking with candidates who had participated in these elections, she found that candidates who were not affiliated with deep-pocketed donors or with the unions struggled to gain visibility and get their messages heard.
As one candidate from Denver explained: “If you are a candidate who’s not in those affluent circles, then you are immediately discouraged because you know you can’t compete with that fundraising.”
Local issuesâzoning, school district boundariesâseemed to get lost in heavily funded campaigns, and there was a rise in discussion of national issues: for example, campaigns focused on school choice, especially charters, and school and teacher accountability, issues that had previously been debated at the national or state level. Additionally, as more money entered the elections, candidates became more polarized in their stances, being staunchly pro- or anti-charter schools, for example.
“Whether it’s an ideology you agree with or disagree with, it still tends to be more polarized, which is not good for problem solving,” observed one candidate.
“Both sides are talking more about national issues at the expense of localized ones; that’s certainly a concern,” Jacobsen said. “But, it does raise visibility of these elections. In some cases, prior to these outside funding sources, we couldn’t find any coverage of school board elections in the local news. When the money came in, people started paying attention and more information about the elections and the candidates was available.”
Overall, Henig, Jacobsen and Reckhow argue that education politics is entering a new era of nationalization.
These shifts taking place, Reckhow added, do not make local school board politics irrelevant, nor do they imply there is a national takeover of local politics. Instead, they demonstrate that traditional lines of power and decision making are being rearranged with new alliances across local, state and national contexts.
“This book is important for understanding the landscape of education politics today,” she continued. “For teachers, parents, activists, school board members … to see how and why national issues are becoming prevalent in political debates at the local level. Our cases show that local politics is still incredibly important, partly reflected in the immense resources these local elections have attracted. Our book also shows that there is room for agency on the part of local candidates, organizations and mobilized citizens to resist or impact the course of nationalization.”
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Reckhow and Jacobsen have researched school leadership, school boards and elections before.
In 2016, Reckhow, Jacobsen and Henig were among the co-authors on a paper related to this book, published in Urban Affairs Review, that also examined non-local campaign contributions to school board elections.
In 2012, Jacobsen found that Americans still supported local control of their schools in day-to-day operations, but that local, state and federal government should all be involved in education policies.